Automotive safety systems are designed to reduce the likelihood of accidents and minimize injury to passengers and pedestrians during a crash. These systems have evolved significantly, incorporating advanced technologies to ensure safer travel.
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A. Active Safety Systems
- Aim to prevent accidents from occurring.
- Operate before a collision by improving vehicle control and alerting the driver.
- Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): Prevents wheel lock-up during emergency braking, ensuring better control.
- Electronic Stability Control (ESC): Helps maintain stability by reducing skidding during cornering or slippery conditions.
- Traction Control System (TCS): Prevents wheel spin during acceleration on slippery surfaces.
- Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC): Maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead by adjusting speed automatically.
- Lane Departure Warning (LDW): Alerts the driver if the vehicle unintentionally drifts out of its lane.
- Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB): Applies brakes automatically to prevent collisions.
- Blind Spot Detection (BSD): Warns drivers of vehicles in their blind spots.
- Forward Collision Warning (FCW): Alerts the driver of an impending frontal collision.
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- Work to reduce injuries during and after an accident.
- Typically involve structural and mechanical components.
- Airbags: Deploy during a collision to cushion passengers and reduce impact forces.
- Seat Belts: Restrain occupants to prevent them from being thrown around inside the vehicle.
- Crumple Zones: Absorb and distribute impact energy, reducing force on occupants.
- Reinforced Passenger Cabin: Maintains structural integrity during a crash.
- Headrests: Prevent whiplash injuries by supporting the head during rear-end collisions.
- Combine active and passive safety technologies to enhance vehicle safety.
- Examples:
- 360-Degree Cameras: Provide a bird's-eye view to aid in parking and maneuvering.
- Parking Assist: Automatically steers the vehicle into parking spaces.
- Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS): Detect driver fatigue or distraction and issue warnings.
- Traffic Sign Recognition: Identifies road signs and displays them to the driver.
- Crash Tests: Evaluate vehicle performance in simulated collisions to ensure compliance with safety standards.
- Agencies: Euro NCAP, NHTSA, IIHS.
- Regulations: Government mandates for features like ABS, airbags, and ESC to improve road safety.
- Autonomous Vehicles:
- Use of AI and machine learning to reduce human error, a major cause of accidents.
- Connected Vehicles:
- Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication to avoid collisions.
- Augmented Reality (AR):
- Heads-up displays providing real-time navigation and safety alerts.
- Advanced Sensors:
- LiDAR, radar, and cameras for precise environmental monitoring.
- Cost: Advanced safety systems can increase vehicle prices.
- Maintenance: Regular calibration of sensors and systems is essential for optimal performance.
- Driver Adaptation: Users need training to effectively use advanced safety features.
- Passenger Vehicles: Standard safety features like airbags and ABS.
- Commercial Vehicles: Fleet safety systems for trucks and buses to ensure cargo and passenger safety.
- Emergency Vehicles: Reinforced cabins and advanced alert systems for ambulances and fire trucks.