Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology

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Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology

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Forensic chemistry and toxicology focus on the identification and analysis of chemical substances, including drugs, poisons, and explosives, to assist in criminal investigations. This field is essential for solving cases related to poisoning, drug abuse, arson, and environmental crimes.

1. Analysis of Drugs & Poisons

• Forensic chemists analyze controlled substances such as narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, and prescription drugs found at crime scenes.
• Common techniques include:
  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) – Identifies and quantifies drug components.
  • Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) – Separates compounds in a drug sample.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) – Detects unique chemical signatures of substances.

2. Arson Investigation (Fire & Explosives)

• Arson forensics involves analyzing fire scenes to determine if a fire was accidental or intentional.
• Investigators collect evidence such as burned residues, accelerants (e.g., gasoline, kerosene), and explosion debris.
• Common techniques:
  • Accelerant Detection Dogs – Trained canines detect flammable liquids.
  • Chemical Analysis of Burned Debris – Identifies substances used in arson.
  • Explosives Residue Testing – Determines the presence of bomb-making chemicals.

3. Alcohol and Narcotics Testing

• Forensic toxicologists test biological samples (blood, urine, breath) to detect alcohol and drugs.
• Breathalyzer Tests – Estimate Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) for DUI cases.
• Immunoassays – Rapid drug screening tests for substances like marijuana, cocaine, and opioids.

4. Chemical Analysis of Trace Evidence (Paint, Glass, Soil)

• Paint Analysis – Used in hit-and-run cases to match paint from vehicles.
• Glass Examination – Determines whether glass fragments originate from a crime scene.
• Soil Comparison – Helps place suspects at crime locations based on unique soil composition.

Forensic chemistry and toxicology are crucial for proving crimes involving drugs, poisons, and fire-related incidents.