PANTOMATH

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

Concepts and Benefits What is Object-Oriented Programming

                           Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which contain data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data. It focuses on modeling real-world entities into code, making it easier to design, implement, and maintain complex systems.

Key Principles of OOP:

Encapsulation:

• Bundling data and methods together within an object.
• Restricts direct access to some components (using private, public, or protected access modifiers).
• Example:
  • In a banking system, account details are private, but can be accessed through public methods like

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    getBalance()

    .

Inheritance:

• Allows one class (child class) to inherit properties and methods from another class (parent class).
• Promotes code reuse and reduces redundancy.
• Example:
  • A class

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    Car

    can inherit from a class

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    Vehicle

    , reusing attributes like speed and fuel.

Polymorphism:

• Enables a single interface to represent different data types or methods.
• Two forms:
  • Compile-time Polymorphism: Achieved using method overloading.
  • Run-time Polymorphism: Achieved using method overriding.
• Example:
  • ​​​​​​​A

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    draw()

    function can display different shapes (circle, rectangle) based on the object.

Abstraction:

• Hides implementation details and exposes only the essential features.
• Achieved through abstract classes or interfaces.
• Example:
  • ​​​​​​​A car's user only knows how to drive it, not how the engine works.

Advantages of OOP:

• Code Reusability:
  • ​​​​​​​ Inheritance enables reusing code across classes.
• Improved Maintainability:
  • ​​​​​​​ Encapsulation makes code easier to modify and debug.
• Flexibility:
  • ​​​​​​​ Polymorphism allows the program to adapt dynamically to different scenarios.
• Real-World Mapping:
  • ​​​​​​​ Objects model real-world entities, making the design intuitive.

Key Components in OOP:

1. Class: A blueprint for creating objects.   

Example:
class Car {
public:
    string brand;
    int speed;
    void drive() {
         cout << "The car is driving at " << speed << " km/h.";
     }
};

         2. Object: An instance of a class.

• Example:Car myCar;
  myCar.brand = "Toyota";
  myCar.speed = 80;
  myCar.drive();
  
  3. Constructor: A special method to initialize objects.
• Example:class Car {
  public:
  Car(string b, int s)
  { brand = b; speed = s; }
  };

Real-Life Applications of OOP:

• Gaming:
  • ​​​​​​​Objects represent players, weapons, and environments.
• Banking Systems:
  • ​​​​​​​ Accounts, customers, and transactions are modeled as objects.
• Web Development:
  • ​​​​​​​Frameworks like Django (Python) and Spring (Java) use OOP for scalability.
• Automobile Software:
  • ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Cars’ components like engines, brakes, and sensors are implemented as objects.