Molecular Biology & Genetics:
Overview
Molecular Biology and Genetics focus on the study of the molecular mechanisms that govern the structure, function, and regulation of genes, as well as the processes by which genetic information is stored, expressed, and transmitted.
Overview
Molecular Biology and Genetics focus on the study of the molecular mechanisms that govern the structure, function, and regulation of genes, as well as the processes by which genetic information is stored, expressed, and transmitted.
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Key Concepts in Molecular Biology:
- DNA Structure and Function
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material in most organisms.
- Its double-helix structure consists of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
- DNA stores genetic information, which is copied (replication) and passed on during cell division.
- Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Explains the flow of genetic information:
DNA → RNA → Protein. - Transcription: DNA is converted into mRNA.
- Translation: mRNA directs protein synthesis at ribosomes.
- Explains the flow of genetic information:
- Genetic Mutations
- Changes in the DNA sequence can occur naturally or due to external factors (mutagens).
- Mutations can lead to diseases, beneficial traits, or evolutionary adaptations.
- Gene Regulation
- Not all genes are expressed at all times. Regulatory mechanisms control when, where, and how genes are expressed.
- Epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation) can affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
Key Concepts in Genetics:
- Mendelian Genetics
- Explains inheritance through dominant and recessive traits.
- Based on Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants.
- Chromosomes and Genes
- Genes are located on chromosomes, which carry hereditary information.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- Genetic Disorders
- Caused by mutations or chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis).
- Can be inherited or occur de novo (new mutations).
- Genomics
- The study of the complete set of DNA (genome) in an organism.
- Includes sequencing and analyzing genes to understand functions and variations.
- CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
- A revolutionary tool for gene editing that allows precise modification of DNA.
- Applications include treating genetic disorders, developing crops, and research.
Applications of Molecular Biology & Genetics
- Medicine: Gene therapy, personalized medicine, and understanding diseases.
- Agriculture: Genetically modified crops with enhanced traits.
- Forensics: DNA fingerprinting for crime investigations.
- Biotechnology: Development of vaccines, enzymes, and biofuels.
Molecular Biology and Genetics are foundational to understanding life processes and solving biological and medical challenges.