Post
by Buela_Vigneswaran »
Computer Systems and Architecture1. Computer Organization
- Microprocessors:
- The "brain" of the computer that executes instructions.
- Example: Intel Core, AMD Ryzen, and ARM processors.
- Registers:
- Small, fast storage locations inside the CPU for temporary data.
- Types: General-purpose registers, Special-purpose registers (e.g., Program Counter, Accumulator).
- Memory Hierarchy:
- Organized storage levels: Registers → Cache → RAM → Secondary Storage (HDD/SSD).
- Focus on speed, cost, and capacity.
2. Digital Logic Design
- Logic Gates:
- Basic building blocks (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR).
- Used to create circuits for performing logical operations.
- Flip-Flops:
- Memory elements that store a single bit of data.
- Types: SR, D, JK, T flip-flops.
- Counters and Registers:
- Sequential circuits for counting and storing multi-bit values.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
- A component of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.
3. Operating Systems
- Overview:
- An operating system is software that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications.
- Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android.
- Key Concepts:
- Process Management: Process lifecycle, context switching, scheduling algorithms (e.g., Round Robin, Priority Scheduling).
- Memory Management: Paging, Segmentation, Virtual Memory.
- File Systems: File organization, inodes, FAT, NTFS.
- Threads and Concurrency: Multithreading, Deadlocks, Synchronization (Semaphores, Mutex).
4. Embedded Systems
- Microcontrollers:
- Small computers on a single chip used in embedded devices (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi).
- Applications: Home automation, medical devices, robotics.
- Sensors and Actuators:
- Sensors gather data (e.g., temperature, motion).
- Actuators convert electrical signals into physical actions (e.g., motors, lights).
- IoT (Internet of Things):
- Connecting devices via the internet for real-time data exchange.
- Protocols: MQTT, CoAP.
