Cognitive Psychology

[Buela_Vigneswaran]

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology explores the mental processes that influence how we think, learn, remember, and solve problems. Here's an overview of the key concepts:

1. Memory

• Types of Memory:
  • Sensory Memory: Short-lasting impressions from sensory stimuli.
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): Temporary storage for information (e.g., phone numbers).
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores information indefinitely (e.g., facts, skills).
• Memory Processes:
  • Encoding: Transforming information into memory.
  • Storage: Retaining information over time.
  • Retrieval: Accessing stored memories.
• Issues like forgetting and false memories are also studied.

2. Attention and Perception

• Attention: Focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
  • Concepts: Selective attention, divided attention, inattentional blindness.
• Perception: How we interpret sensory information.
  • Influenced by prior experiences, expectations, and context.

3. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making

• Problem-solving strategies:
  • Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures.
  • Heuristics: Mental shortcuts for quick decisions.
• Decision-making involves:
  • Evaluating options.
  • Identifying biases (e.g., confirmation bias, overconfidence).

4. Language Acquisition and Processing

• Explores how people learn, comprehend, and produce language.
• Theories include:
  • Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar: Innate ability to acquire language.
  • Behaviorist View: Language learned through reinforcement and imitation.

5. Intelligence Theories and Testing

• Intelligence is the ability to solve problems, adapt, and learn.
• Major theories:
  • Spearman's g: General intelligence.
  • Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Includes linguistic, logical, spatial, interpersonal, etc.
  • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
• Intelligence is measured using IQ tests, though their validity is debated.