1. Plant Physiology
- Photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration
- Plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins)
- Water and mineral absorption
- Stress physiology (drought, salinity, temperature)
- Principles of classification and nomenclature
- Modern taxonomic tools (DNA barcoding, phylogenetics)
- Major plant families and their economic importance
- Floristic studies and biodiversity documentation
- Internal structure of plants (tissues and tissue systems)
- Secondary growth in stems and roots
- Developmental anatomy (meristems and differentiation)
- Plant interactions with the environment
- Ecosystem dynamics and conservation
- Bioremediation and phytoremediation
- Climate change and its impact on plant life
- Mendelian inheritance in plants
- Cytogenetics (chromosome structure, mutations)
- Plant genomics and transcriptomics
- Genetic engineering and CRISPR in plants
- Medicinal plants and phytochemicals
- Plants as a source of food, fiber, and fuel
- Ethnobotanical studies in traditional medicine
- Domestication and cultivation of economically important crops
- Tissue culture and micropropagation
- Genetically modified plants (GMOs)
- Applications in agriculture and pharmaceuticals
- Bioinformatics in plant sciences
- Plant diseases and their management
- Host-pathogen interactions
- Biological control and integrated pest management (IPM)
- Role of fungi, bacteria, and viruses in plant diseases
- Secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids)
- Role of plant metabolites in defense
- Techniques for analyzing plant compounds (chromatography, spectroscopy)
- Plant biodiversity hotspots
- Strategies for ex-situ and in-situ conservation
- Role of botanical gardens and herbariums
- Endangered and threatened plant species
- Ecological and economic importance
- Role in biotechnology and biofuels
- Study of lichens and mycorrhizae
- Fossil plants and their significance
- Evolution of plant groups over geological time
- Pollen analysis in ecological and forensic studies
- Hybridization techniques
- Disease-resistant and high-yielding crop varieties
- Role of polyploidy in crop improvement
- Pharmacognosy and traditional medicine
- Role in Ayurveda, Unani, and modern medicine
- Cultivation of aromatic plants for essential oils
- Fungi as decomposers and symbionts
- Mycorrhizal associations and nitrogen fixation
- Role of microbes in agriculture and industry